Abstract: The surface of carbon fiber (CF) is smooth and chemically inert, and its compatibility with cement-based materials is poor, and the CF/matrix interface becomes a weak link. In order to improve the interface properties of CF/matrix and improve the properties of CF reinforced cement-based materials, nanomaterials are introduced into CF reinforced cement-based materials. This paper reviews the research progress on the modification of CF/cement matrix interface by nanomaterials, and introduces nano-SiO₂ (NS), carbon-based nanomaterials modified CF reinforced cement-based materials, as well as NS, carbon nanotube (CNT), and graphene oxide (GO) grafted CF reinforced cement-based materials. The research results show that by co-addition nanomaterials with CF and using nanomaterials to optimize the microstructure of the cement matrix to improve interface properties, this method is simpler and more feasible than the complex process of grafting nanomaterials onto the surface of CF. However, existing studies mostly focus on macroscopic mechanical properties, while insufficient attention has been paid to the microscopic modification mechanism, interface performance enhancement mechanism, and the positive admixture effect of co-addition. Moreover, the durability of the materials after co-addition needs to be further explored. Additionally, the grafted materials such as CF-NS, CF-CNT, and CF-GO need to improve performance stability, reduce costs, and integrate with engineering requirements; Among them, CF-CNT and CF-GO have both enhanced and functional characteristics, demonstrating broad prospects for functional applications. Therefore, future research should strengthen the basic study of micro mechanisms and interface properties, focus on the effects of compounding and long-term durability, promote the engineering application of graft materials, and expand the innovative application of CNT and GO in the field of functionalization, in order to achieve comprehensive improvement of cement-based material properties and multifunctional development.