Abstract: During the inspection and assessment of existing buildings,the different between concrete frame structures and brick-concrete composite structures is easily misidentified, significantly impacting subsequent structural analysis and the final assessment conclusions. This paper systematically reviews the fundamental principles and discrimination criteria for these structural systems. The core distinction lies in accurately are identifying load-bearing walls versus non-load-bearing walls, tie beams versus frame beams, and confined masonry columns versus frame columns. The comprehensive identification process was proposed, which focuses on key factors such as the wall construction method, the connection detail between walls and beam soffits, the interlocking condition between walls and pilasters (buttress columns), wall thickness, beam and column detailing, and overall system verification. The inspection points for complex scenarios such as system transformation, hybridization, and nesting caused by renovation were proposed. This study clarifies the differences in detailed construction between reinforced concrete frame and brick-concrete structures, highlighting that multiple renovations can easily lead to alterations in wall properties and structural system hybridization. It validates the effectiveness of a comprehensive identification process in detecting illogical force-transferring components. During structural assessment, load-bearing relationships should be examined layer by layer, with particular attention to renovation transition zones. By integrating construction details with the structural force-transfer logic, the accurate distinction between concrete frame and brick-concrete structures can be achieved, providing a reliable basis for subsequent calculations and assessment conclusions.