Abstract: As a novel construction mode, prefabricated buildings have rapidly developed worldwide due to their advantages in efficiency, environmental friendliness, and energy savings. However, their development speed varies significantly across different regions and time periods. To reveal the key factors influencing the development speed of prefabricated buildings and propose targeted recommendations, this study quantifies their development efficiency from the perspective of inputs and outputs. A comprehensive input-output indicator system was constructed, and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model was employed to measure and analyze the development efficiency of prefabricated buildings from 2011 to 2022, revealing its spatiotemporal variations and evolutionary trends. Building on this, the Tobit regression model was further utilized to analyze the influencing mechanisms of various factors. The findings indicate that expanding the market scale of prefabricated buildings, improving the supply support of the prefabricated building industrial chain, and advancing urbanization all contribute to enhancing the development speed of prefabricated buildings. Conversely, an increase in per capita disposable income exerts a certain inhibitory effect on its advancement. Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes a series of targeted countermeasures and suggestions. The aim is to provide a scientific theoretical basis and practical guidance for accelerating the development of prefabricated buildings, thereby promoting their sustainable development.