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北京西部湿地特征与系统性修复技术

Characteristics and Systematic Restoration Techniques of Wetlands in the Western Beijing

  • 摘要: 针对北京西部生态屏障区湿地因城市化与人为干扰导致的植被退化、水文连通性减弱及生物多样性下降等突出问题,本研究构建了一套科学有效的系统性修复技术体系。通过实地调研明确区域湿地退化现状与成因,系统整合了水文重塑、生境营造及生物恢复三大类关键技术。经过为期3年的系统修复及监测,湿地水文连通性增强,水体滞留时间延长了约30%;植被群落结构得到根本性改善,植物物种数由修复前的12种增加至28种,植被覆盖度从30%提升至65%以上,乡土植物占比维持在75%以上。研究表明,以乡土物种恢复为核心、近自然设计为导向、辅以人工强化措施的综合修复模式,能有效重塑湿地水文格局,重建多样化生境,并显著提升生态系统的稳定性、自维持能力与碳汇功能。该技术体系为首都西部生态屏障建设提供了可操作的技术路径与实践参考。

     

    Abstract: In response to severe wetland degradation in western ecological barrier zone of Beijing, characterized by vegetation loss, disrupted hydrological connectivity, and declining biodiversity due to urbanization and anthropogenic disturbances, an effective and integrated restoration framework is urgently needed. The current degradation status and underlying causes through field surveys are investigated and systematically three key technical approaches: hydrological restoration, habitat and engineering restoration, and biological restoration are integrated. After three years of systematic restoration and monitoring, the hydrological connectivity of the wetland was significantly enhanced, with water retention time extended by approximately 30%. The vegetation community structure was fundamentally improved: the number of plant species increased from 12 before restoration to 28, vegetation coverage rose from 30% to over 65%, and the proportion of native plants remained above 75%. The results demonstrate that a holistic restoration model, centered on native species recovery, guided by near-natural design principles, and supported by targeted engineering interventions, effectively reestablishes natural hydrological regimes, reconstructs diverse microhabitats, and significantly enhances ecosystem stability, self-sustainability, and carbon sequestration capacity. The proposed integrated technical system provides a practical and replicable pathway for wetland restoration in ecologically sensitive peri-urban areas, offering valuable reference for strengthening western ecological barrier zone of Beijing.

     

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