Abstract: In recent years, the frequent occurrence of public health emergencies has highlighted the critical role of temporary medical facilities in epidemic prevention and control. However, due to their rapid construction, temporary use, and high population density, indoor air quality in these facilities has become a significant concern. This study focuses on an emergency isolation transfer point in South China, and investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of indoor air pollutants through on-site sampling and experimental analysis. The results reveal that both modular container houses and K-panel houses exhibit varying degrees of excessive formaldehyde and TVOC concentrations, primarily attributed to the high emission of free formaldehyde from building materials and inadequate ventilation. Temporal analysis demonstrates the dynamic changes in pollutant concentrations over time and confirms the significant improvement in air quality through ventilation control. Based on the findings, this study proposes optimization strategies, including strict screening of building materials, improved ventilation strategies, and long-term monitoring, aiming to ensure the safety of emergency medical environments, enhance medical safety, and improve patient treatment outcomes.