Abstract: The current promotion of prefabricated construction faces prominent challenges—such as difficulties in controlling the geometric precision of precast components, insufficient reliability in joint connections, and incomplete quality control systems—which hinder its large-scale development. To address these issues, this study focuses on a high-rise residential project utilizing a prefabricated structural system. It establishes a comprehensive construction technology framework spanning three key dimensions: precast component fabrication, on-site assembly, and joint connections. Furthermore, it implements a robust quality control mechanism encompassing risk identification and prevention, supervision of critical processes, and inspection and evaluation. Precast components undergo standardized factory production, utilizing precision molds, ultra-high-performance concrete, and robotic processing to ensure consistent quality. On-site assembly employs mechanized operations, leveraging technologies such as GPS positioning and IoT tracking to significantly reduce construction duration. Joint connections utilize diversified solutions—including shape memory alloy bolts and self-healing grouting materials—to ensure structural safety. The research findings demonstrate that this prefabricated construction approach, compared to traditional methods, reduces the construction period by 30% and labor input by 25%; it improves component precision by 40%, achieves a 92% pass rate for critical processes, reduces the rework rate by 44%, lowers overall costs by 8%, decreases construction waste by 80%, and reduces carbon emissions by 25%. This technological framework for prefabricated structural construction effectively enhances both building quality and construction efficiency, offering a valuable technical reference for the construction industry's green transformation and high-quality development.